Argumentation
See philosophy.
The act of arguing is to support or tear down claims by use of reasoning. An argument is either valid or invalid.
Invalid Arguments
There’s so many of them they’re listed under logical fallacies. See arguments that don’t even amount to being fallacies here.
Valid Arguments
The following syllogisms expand upon material implication. These are structures that don’t entail direct logical contradictions. Presuming arguments conform to these, are relevant to topic, and have true premises, then conclusions follow.